| Sensing | Surface emerging risks, build collective awareness, identify blind spots | Beginning of adaptation planning, post-crisis sense-making, community-led vulnerability assessments |
| Action | Move from risk awareness to concrete intervention design | Translating plans into projects, community-led solution development, cross-sector coordination |
| Planning | Integrate risk intelligence into formal planning processes and decision-making | Developing local adaptation plans, budget structuring and investment prioritisation, masterplan development |
| Accountability | Track progress, evaluate effectiveness, maintain commitment | Annual review, monitoring, learning & impact evaluation, political accountability |
| Coordination | Enable cross-boundary collaboration on shared risks | Cross-departmental coordination, public-private partnerships |